Best Hotels in Lolowau

Discovering Lolowau: An Indonesian Escape for the Discerning Traveller

Indonesia, an archipelago nation renowned for its diverse cultures and breathtaking landscapes, offers a myriad of destinations that cater to every type of traveller. Beyond the well-trodden paths of Bali and Java, lies Lolowau, a region in South Nias that promises a unique blend of natural beauty, cultural immersion, and authentic Indonesian experiences. For international visitors seeking an escape from the ordinary, Lolowau presents an opportunity to connect with a less commercialized side of Indonesia, where ancient traditions meet stunning coastal vistas. It’s a place where the rhythm of life is dictated by the tides and the warmth of its people, offering a refreshing contrast to the bustling metropolises many travellers are accustomed to.

Lolowau itself is not a monolithic entity but rather a collection of distinct areas, each offering a different facet of the region's charm. From the surf-centric vibes of Fanayama to the cultural heartland of Teluk Dalam, and the more remote allure of South Nias and Pulau Pulau Batu Timur, the choice of where to base yourself significantly shapes your Lolowau adventure. Fanayama, for instance, is a magnet for surfers and beach lovers, while Teluk Dalam offers a glimpse into the traditional Nias culture. Understanding these nuances is key to crafting an itinerary that aligns with your travel style, whether you seek adventure, relaxation, or cultural exploration.

The economic landscape of Lolowau also positions it as an attractive destination for international travellers looking for value. With average nightly rates for hotels starting at a modest ₱597.04 (approximately $10 USD), Lolowau offers a compelling proposition for budget-conscious explorers from the US, Europe, and India. This affordability extends across accommodation, dining, and activities, allowing visitors to stretch their travel budgets further and experience more of what the region has to offer without compromising on quality or authenticity. This makes Lolowau a smart choice for those who prioritize experiences over extravagant spending.

Within Lolowau's accommodation spectrum, you'll find a range of options, from humble guesthouses to more established hotels. For instance, the area around Dekat gereja katolik Santo Mikael hilinamazihono hints at the local community's presence and the availability of comfortable lodging. While not a luxury resort, such places often provide a genuine connection to the local way of life. For travellers keen to explore these diverse lodging possibilities, Traveloka offers a comprehensive platform to book hotel rooms that suit various preferences and budgets, ensuring a smooth start to your Lolowau journey.

Lolowau appeals to a broad spectrum of international travellers. For Americans and Europeans, it offers an off-the-beaten-path adventure, a chance to witness unique cultural practices and pristine natural environments far from mass tourism. Indian travellers will find Lolowau to be a surprisingly accessible and affordable destination, with opportunities to explore diverse cuisines and landscapes. While direct travel from Africa might be less common, the allure of Lolowau lies in its potential as a unique cultural and natural exploration point within Southeast Asia, offering a distinct Indonesian experience that stands apart.

Best Areas to Stay in Lolowau

Lolowau, while a region rather than a single city, presents a fascinating mosaic of neighbourhoods and districts, each with its own distinct character and appeal for international visitors. Choosing your base wisely is paramount to unlocking the full potential of your trip, influencing everything from your daily activities to your overall immersion in the local culture. Whether you're drawn to the surf breaks of Fanayama, the cultural heritage of Teluk Dalam, or the broader expanse of South Nias and Pulau Pulau Batu Timur, understanding these areas will guide you to the perfect Lolowau experience.

Fanayama

Fanayama is the undisputed hub for surf enthusiasts and beach lovers exploring Lolowau. This coastal district pulses with a laid-back, bohemian energy, attracting a younger, adventurous crowd from Australia, Europe, and the US who are drawn by the promise of world-class waves and pristine, uncrowded beaches. The vibe here is casual and unpretentious, with accommodations ranging from surf camps to charming beachfront bungalows. It’s a place where days are spent riding the waves, and evenings are for sharing stories under the stars, making it ideal for solo travellers and surf groups.

From Fanayama, accessing the renowned surf breaks is effortless, with many accommodations offering direct beach access or surf guiding services. Beyond the waves, the area provides opportunities for exploring local fishing villages and enjoying fresh seafood at beachfront eateries. Getting to Fanayama typically involves a journey from the main regional airport, often requiring a combination of flights and ground transfers, but the effort is rewarded with a tranquil escape. For those looking to explore the natural wonders beyond the surf, it's a great starting point to book attractions like island hopping tours.

Teluk Dalam

Teluk Dalam serves as a significant cultural and administrative centre within Lolowau, offering a more grounded experience of Nias life. This area is particularly appealing to travellers from Europe and the US interested in cultural heritage, as it provides access to traditional Nias villages and historical sites, including megalithic structures. The atmosphere is more settled than the surf-focused districts, with a mix of local life and tourist amenities. It’s a place where you can witness traditional dances, learn about ancient customs, and gain a deeper understanding of the region's rich history.

Accommodation in Teluk Dalam ranges from homestays offering an intimate glimpse into local family life to more established hotels catering to international visitors. The area boasts local markets where you can sample regional delicacies and interact with artisans. While not directly on the coast, it offers convenient access to nearby beaches and is a good base for exploring the wider South Nias region. Transportation to Teluk Dalam usually involves overland travel from the nearest airport, making it a destination for those who appreciate a journey that unfolds gradually.

South Nias

South Nias, as a broader administrative region encompassing various locales including Lolowau, offers a more expansive and diverse experience for international visitors. This area is suited to travellers who want a deeper exploration of Indonesia's natural beauty and cultural tapestry, appealing to those from the US, Europe, and India who appreciate a less curated travel experience. It encompasses a mix of coastal areas, rural landscapes, and smaller communities, providing ample opportunities for discovery and adventure away from the main tourist trails.

The appeal of South Nias lies in its raw, untamed landscapes and the genuine hospitality of its people. Visitors can expect to find a range of accommodation options, from simple guesthouses to more secluded resorts, often situated amidst lush greenery or overlooking the ocean. It's a region best explored with a sense of adventure, allowing for spontaneous encounters with local life and the discovery of hidden natural wonders. Access typically involves flights to a regional airport followed by road travel, making it a rewarding destination for the intrepid traveller.

Pulau Pulau Batu Timur

Pulau Pulau Batu Timur, translating to "East Batu Islands," represents the more remote and adventurous frontier within the Lolowau region. This archipelago is a dream for travellers from all continents, particularly those from Europe and the US, who are seeking an escape to pristine, less-developed islands. The allure here is the untouched natural beauty, crystal-clear waters, and a sense of seclusion that is increasingly rare in popular travel destinations. It’s a place for true escapism, where the focus is on nature, relaxation, and disconnecting from the everyday.

Staying in Pulau Pulau Batu Timur means embracing a simpler way of life, with accommodation often consisting of basic bungalows or eco-lodges that blend harmoniously with the environment. Activities revolve around the sea – snorkeling, diving, fishing, and simply enjoying the tranquility of the islands. Reaching this area requires a significant travel effort, usually involving flights to a mainland airport, followed by boat transfers, but for those who make the journey, the reward is an unparalleled experience of island destination and authentic Indonesian island living.

Top Hotels

Budget Hotels in Lolowau

Lolowau offers a range of budget-friendly accommodations, perfect for travellers from the Philippines and other parts of Asia seeking value. These options provide essential comforts without the hefty price tag, allowing for extended stays or more funds for local experiences. Expect clean, simple rooms and friendly service, often with a local flavour. Prices typically range from ₱597.04 to ₱1,983.40 per night, making it an accessible destination for backpackers and budget-conscious explorers.

RedDoorZ @ Ryan Hotel Nias Selatan

For travellers prioritizing affordability and a no-frills stay in the Fanayama area, RedDoorZ @ Ryan Hotel Nias Selatan presents a practical choice. This 2-star hotel offers basic amenities for a comfortable rest after a day of exploring the surf or local sights. Its presence in Fanayama makes it a convenient option for those focusing on the beach and surfing activities, with prices around ₱781.85 per night, appealing to budget-conscious explorers from the Philippines and Southeast Asia.

Oseda Nias Surf House

Oseda Nias Surf House, a 2.5-star establishment in Fanayama, offers a unique blend of surf camp vibes and comfortable lodging. Its standout feature, a rooftop terrace, provides a pleasant spot to relax and enjoy the surroundings. This option is particularly suited for surfers and travellers seeking a laid-back atmosphere at an attractive price point of approximately ₱597.04 per night, making it a compelling choice for budget travellers from the Philippines and neighbouring Asian countries.

Baloho Beach Hotel

This 2-star B&B in Teluk Dalam, Baloho Beach Hotel, boasts an impressive 9.2 rating from its 4 reviews, indicating a high level of guest satisfaction. It offers amenities like airport transfer, billiards, and opportunities for surfing and snorkeling, making it a well-rounded choice for travellers seeking both relaxation and activity. At around ₱1,156.99 per night, it provides excellent value for those exploring the Teluk Dalam area.

RedDoorZ @ Rejoss Lux Medan

Located in the broader South Nias region, RedDoorZ @ Rejoss Lux Medan offers a straightforward accommodation option for travellers exploring this part of Indonesia. While specific details on its star rating and price are not provided, its inclusion suggests a network of accessible lodging for those venturing into less central areas. This property would appeal to travellers from the Philippines and other Asian countries looking for reliable, no-fuss stays as they discover South Nias.

RedDoorZ Premium Hotel Sopo Holong Sibolga

Situated in Pulau Pulau Batu Timur, RedDoorZ Premium Hotel Sopo Holong Sibolga provides a lodging option for those venturing to the more remote islands of Nias Selatan. As a premium offering within the RedDoorz network, it suggests a higher standard of comfort and service. This hotel would be a practical choice for travellers from the Philippines and other Asian nations seeking a comfortable base while exploring the unique island landscapes of this archipelago.

Mid-Range Hotels in Lolowau

The mid-range segment in Lolowau offers a balance of comfort, amenities, and value, catering to travellers from the Philippines and other international markets who seek a step up from basic lodging. These hotels, typically rated 2.5 to 3 stars, provide a more refined experience with enhanced facilities and services. Expect prices to hover between ₱1,036.48 and ₱2,561.05 per night, offering a solid choice for those wanting a comfortable and convenient stay without venturing into luxury pricing.

Salty Dog Hostel

Salty Dog Hostel, a 3-star establishment in Teluk Dalam, stands out with a high rating of 8.6 from 19 reviews, highlighting its popularity among guests. It offers unique accessibility features like braille or raised signage, making it inclusive. This hostel is an excellent choice for solo travellers or groups from the Philippines and other Asian countries looking for a social atmosphere and good value, with prices around ₱1,036.48 per night.

Baga Resort Hotel

Baga Resort Hotel, a 3-star property in Fanayama, boasts an exceptional 9.2 rating from 35 reviews, indicating a highly regarded stay. It offers extensive outdoor facilities, a fitness center, and a poolside bar, alongside proximity to a private beach. This resort is ideal for travellers from the Philippines and beyond seeking a comfortable and amenity-rich experience by the coast, with rates around ₱2,561.05 per night.

Lilys surf camp

Lilys surf camp, a 3-star accommodation in Fanayama, is geared towards the surf community and travellers seeking a relaxed beachside experience. While specific pricing isn't listed, its classification suggests it offers a mid-range option for those focused on the surf and sun. This camp would appeal to surfers and beach enthusiasts from the Philippines and other regions looking for a comfortable base in a prime surfing location.

Lilys Nias Surf Camp

Similar to its counterpart, Lilys Nias Surf Camp is a 3-star establishment in Fanayama, catering to the surf crowd and those desiring a laid-back coastal retreat. This surf camp provides a mid-range option for visitors to Lolowau, focusing on proximity to the waves and a casual atmosphere. It's a fitting choice for travellers from the Philippines and other Asian countries who prioritize surf access and a relaxed environment.

4-Star Hotels in Lolowau

The 4-star category in Lolowau represents a significant step up in comfort and service, appealing to international travellers from the Philippines, US, and Europe who seek a more premium experience. These hotels offer well-appointed rooms, enhanced amenities, and often prime locations. While specific pricing for this tier in Lolowau can vary, expect rates to be higher than mid-range options, reflecting the elevated quality and service standards.

Iris Homestay Nisel

Iris Homestay Nisel, a 4-star accommodation in Teluk Dalam, offers a distinguished stay with a rating of 7.2 from 26 reviews. It provides unique amenities such as a children's play area, babysitting services, and romantic proposal packages, alongside airport transfers and a library. This makes it an excellent choice for families and couples from the Philippines and other international markets looking for comfort and specialized services, priced at approximately ₱1,205.84 per night.

Guest Houses and B&Bs in Lolowau

Guest houses and B&Bs in Lolowau provide a more intimate and often culturally immersive lodging experience, ideal for travellers from the Philippines and other regions seeking authentic local interactions. These properties, including those classified as 'Others', offer a personal touch that larger hotels often lack. Prices can vary widely, but they generally represent good value, allowing guests to connect with hosts and gain insights into daily life in Lolowau.

Raffiel Nias

Raffiel Nias, a 1-star guest house in Fanayama, offers a unique set of activities including marina access, safari experiences, and motorboat rides, alongside its basic accommodation. With a strong rating of 8.8 from 2 reviews, it suggests a memorable stay for those seeking adventure. This property is a distinctive choice for travellers from the Philippines and other regions looking for more than just a place to sleep, with prices around ₱1,983.40 per night.

KeyHole Surf Camp

KeyHole Surf Camp, a 1-star homestay in Fanayama, boasts a perfect 10 rating from a single review, indicating exceptional guest satisfaction. It offers a picnic area, suggesting a focus on outdoor enjoyment and relaxation. This camp is an ideal choice for surf enthusiasts and travellers from the Philippines and beyond who appreciate a highly-rated, intimate lodging experience in a prime surf location, priced at approximately ₱1,632.20 per night.

KeyHole Surf House

KeyHole Surf House, a B&B located in Fanayama, offers a cozy and potentially surf-focused lodging experience. While its star rating and specific price are not detailed, its classification as a B&B suggests a more personal and intimate stay. This property would appeal to travellers from the Philippines and other regions looking for a comfortable and friendly base in the Fanayama area, close to the surf and beach activities.

Aloha Guest House Nias

Aloha Guest House Nias, situated in Fanayama, offers a welcoming stay for travellers exploring the coastal beauty of Lolowau. As a guest house, it promises a more personal touch and local flavour. This option is suitable for visitors from the Philippines and other Asian countries seeking comfortable and affordable accommodation, providing a good base for enjoying the beaches and surf breaks that Fanayama is known for.

Nias Shady Palm surfcamp

Nias Shady Palm surfcamp, located in Fanayama, is designed for travellers who are passionate about surfing and the relaxed beach lifestyle. This surf camp provides a comfortable and convenient base for riders to access the renowned waves of the area. It’s a fitting choice for surfers from the Philippines and other international destinations looking for an authentic surf experience in a friendly and accessible setting.

Hotels with Rooftop Terrace in Lolowau

For travellers seeking elevated views and a unique vantage point, Lolowau offers accommodations featuring rooftop terraces. These spaces provide a perfect spot to unwind, enjoy the sunset, or simply soak in the atmosphere of the region. While this feature might be more common in larger hotels, its presence in Lolowau adds a touch of modern comfort to the otherwise traditional setting, appealing to those who appreciate a scenic backdrop to their stay.

Oseda Nias Surf House

Oseda Nias Surf House, a 2.5-star property in Fanayama, stands out with its inviting rooftop terrace, offering guests a pleasant space to relax and enjoy the surroundings. This feature enhances the appeal for travellers from the Philippines and other regions looking for a comfortable and scenic stay, especially those interested in the surf culture of the area. Priced at a very accessible ₱597.04 per night, it provides excellent value for its unique offering.

Family-Friendly Hotels in Lolowau

Families travelling to Lolowau will find that certain accommodations cater specifically to their needs, ensuring a comfortable and enjoyable stay for all ages. These hotels often feature amenities like children's play areas or babysitting services, allowing parents to relax while the little ones are entertained. Such family-focused options are invaluable for travellers from the Philippines and other countries, providing peace of mind and convenience for those with young children.

Iris Homestay Nisel

Iris Homestay Nisel, a 4-star accommodation in Teluk Dalam, is an excellent choice for families, offering a children's play area and babysitting services. This thoughtful provision ensures that younger guests are well-catered for, allowing parents to enjoy their holiday with greater ease. With a rating of 7.2 and priced at approximately ₱1,205.84 per night, it provides a comfortable and amenity-rich environment for families visiting Lolowau from the Philippines and internationally.

What to Eat and Where to Find It in Lolowau

Lolowau, located within the rich culinary landscape of Indonesia, offers a distinct gastronomic journey that reflects its unique cultural heritage and coastal environment. While sharing commonalities with Indonesian cuisine, the region boasts specific dishes and flavours that are a must-try for any visitor. From fresh seafood prepared with local spices to traditional Nias delicacies, the food scene here is an integral part of the travel experience, promising authentic tastes that are both familiar and excitingly new for international palates.

Exploring the culinary heart of Lolowau means venturing into its local markets and eateries, particularly in areas like Teluk Dalam and Fanayama, which offer a variety of dining experiences. For Muslim travellers, finding Halal-certified food is generally straightforward in Indonesia, and Lolowau is no exception, with many establishments adhering to Halal practices. Look for signs indicating Halal certification or inquire with locals, who are typically very helpful in guiding visitors to suitable dining options that align with their dietary needs and preferences.

The cost of dining in Lolowau presents a significant draw for international visitors. Street food and local warungs offer incredibly affordable meals, often costing as little as ₱50-₱100 (around $1-2 USD) per person. Mid-range restaurants might charge between ₱200-₱500 (approximately $3-8 USD) for a full meal, while more upscale dining experiences, though less common, would still be considerably less expensive than in Western countries. This affordability allows travellers from the US, Europe, and India to indulge in the local cuisine extensively.

When dining in Lolowau, embracing local customs enhances the experience. Meals are often communal, and it's polite to accept food offered by hosts. Tipping is not as customary as in Western countries, but rounding up the bill or leaving a small gratuity for exceptional service is appreciated. Be open to trying new dishes and flavours; the adventurous spirit of Lolowau extends to its food. Understanding basic Indonesian phrases for ordering can also be helpful and is always met with appreciation by local vendors and restaurant staff.

Cultural Norms and Staying Safe in Lolowau

Navigating the cultural landscape of Lolowau requires an awareness of local customs and etiquette, ensuring respectful interactions and a more enriching travel experience. While generally welcoming to visitors, understanding certain nuances can prevent misunderstandings. For instance, it's customary to use your right hand when giving or receiving items, as the left hand is traditionally considered unclean. Modesty in dress is also appreciated, especially when visiting villages or religious sites, reflecting the conservative nature of many Indonesian communities.

When exploring Lolowau, particularly its traditional villages or community spaces, adhering to local dress codes is important. This typically means covering shoulders and knees. Always ask permission before taking photographs of people, especially elders or in sacred areas. Inquire about specific etiquette for entering homes or community buildings, which often involves removing your shoes at the entrance. Observing how locals behave and following their lead is the best way to show respect and integrate smoothly into the local way of life.

Safety in Lolowau is generally good, with petty crime being uncommon in most tourist areas. However, as with any travel destination, it's wise to take standard precautions. Keep your valuables secure and be mindful of your surroundings, especially in crowded markets. For transportation, utilize reputable taxi services or ride-hailing apps like Grab if available in the region. Having offline maps and essential contact numbers readily accessible on your phone can be invaluable for navigating and in case of any unforeseen circumstances.

For Filipino travellers heading to Lolowau, it's crucial to be aware of emergency contacts and health considerations. The local emergency number for police and ambulance should be noted. While Lolowau is in Indonesia, it's advisable to know the location of the nearest Philippine Embassy or Consulate in Indonesia for any consular assistance. Considering travel insurance that covers medical emergencies and trip disruptions is highly recommended, ensuring peace of mind throughout your journey in Lolowau.

Getting to Lolowau and Getting Around

Reaching Lolowau from the Philippines involves a journey that typically requires at least one connecting flight, as direct routes are uncommon. Travellers departing from Manila (MNL), Cebu (CEB), or other major Philippine hubs will likely find flights connecting through major Asian hubs like Singapore or Kuala Lumpur before continuing to an Indonesian gateway airport, such as Medan (KNO) or directly to Nias (GNS) if available.

The total travel time can range from 10 to 20 hours or more, depending on layovers. Flights can be booked via Traveloka, with prices varying significantly based on the season and booking time, but budget around ₱15,000-₱30,000 for a round trip. The primary airport serving the Lolowau region is typically Binaka Airport (GNS) on Nias Island, from which further ground or sea transfers will be necessary to reach specific areas like Teluk Dalam or Fanayama.

Once you arrive in the Lolowau region, getting around will depend on your specific location and the nature of your exploration. Local transportation options include motorcycle taxis (ojek), which are common for short distances and navigating smaller roads, and car rentals with drivers, which are ideal for longer excursions and exploring multiple areas within South Nias. In more developed areas like Teluk Dalam, local minibuses or shared taxis might be available. For travellers seeking convenience and predictable pricing, booking private transfers through Traveloka or your accommodation is often the most practical solution, especially for reaching more remote spots.

The best time to visit Lolowau is generally during the dry season, which typically runs from May to September. This period offers sunny days and calmer seas, making it ideal for beach activities, surfing, and exploring the islands. While the shoulder months of April and October can also be pleasant with fewer crowds, the wet season from November to March can bring heavy rainfall and rougher seas, potentially impacting travel and outdoor activities. Visiting during the dry season aligns with peak travel times for many international tourists from the US and Europe, so booking accommodations and flights in advance is advisable.

Before embarking on your Lolowau adventure, ensure you have a few essentials sorted. The local currency is the Indonesian Rupiah (IDR), and while some larger establishments might accept USD, it's best to carry IDR for daily expenses. ATMs are available in larger towns, but it's wise to have some cash on hand. Consider purchasing a local SIM card upon arrival for data access, which is useful for navigation and communication. Essential apps include offline maps (like Maps.me or Google Maps downloaded for offline use), a translation app, and ride-hailing apps if they operate in the region. Use Traveloka to find the best flights — book flight.

Visa Information

For Philippine passport holders planning a trip to Lolowau, Indonesia, understanding the visa requirements is a crucial first step. As of current regulations, Philippine citizens are generally granted visa-free entry into Indonesia for short stays, typically up to 30 days, for tourism purposes. This allows for a convenient entry into the country to explore destinations like Lolowau. It is essential, however, to ensure your Philippine passport has at least six months of validity remaining from your intended date of departure from Indonesia and that you possess proof of onward travel, such as a return or onward flight ticket.

The application process for visa-free entry is straightforward upon arrival at Indonesian international airports or border crossings. You will typically present your passport and may be asked to provide details about your trip, including your accommodation bookings in Lolowau and the duration of your stay. While no visa fee is charged for this visa-free facility, it is always recommended to confirm the latest regulations with the Indonesian Embassy or Consulate in the Philippines or the Directorate General of Immigration of Indonesia before your travel, as policies can be subject to change.

While visa-free entry is a significant advantage, it is imperative for all travellers, including those from the US, Europe, India, and Africa, to verify the most current visa policies directly with the official immigration authorities of Indonesia or their respective embassies well in advance of booking flights. Requirements such as minimum passport validity, proof of sufficient funds, and specific entry conditions can be updated. Confirming your visa status before making travel arrangements will prevent any last-minute complications and ensure a smooth journey to Lolowau.

Your Lolowau Adventure Starts Here

Lolowau offers a compelling blend of raw natural beauty, rich cultural heritage, and authentic Indonesian experiences that set it apart from more mainstream destinations. It’s a place where the spirit of adventure meets tranquility, providing a unique escape for travellers seeking something beyond the ordinary. Whether you're drawn by the allure of its surf breaks, the depth of its traditions, or the simple beauty of its landscapes, Lolowau promises a journey that resonates long after you've departed.

Traveloka is your ultimate partner in planning your Lolowau getaway, offering a vast selection of accommodations to suit every preference and budget. From charming homestays and surf camps starting at around ₱597.04 per night to more comfortable mid-range hotels and select 4-star options, you'll find the perfect base for your exploration. We empower travellers from the Philippines, US, Europe, India, and Africa to book hotel stays with confidence, backed by our Best Price Guarantee and 24/7 Live Agent Support. Explore flexible payment options including credit card, debit card, GCash, Maya, and Traveloka PayLater, plus earn up to 1.5x Loyalty Cashback.

Don't just dream about your Indonesian adventure; make it a reality with Traveloka. We provide the tools and options to discover the best cheap hotels and plan every aspect of your trip seamlessly. From finding the ideal accommodation in Lolowau's diverse neighbourhoods to booking flights and local activities, Traveloka ensures a hassle-free experience. Let us help you craft an unforgettable journey filled with discovery, relaxation, and authentic cultural immersion in the captivating region of Lolowau.

All information in this article is accurate as of the date of publication. Prices are subject to change depending on season, availability, and hotel policy.