Best Hotels in South Manokwari

South Manokwari: A Gateway to West Papua's Untamed Beauty

Indonesia, an archipelago renowned for its diverse cultures and breathtaking landscapes, offers countless destinations that captivate the international traveller. Beyond the well-trodden paths of Bali and Java lies a region brimming with natural wonders and unique cultural encounters: South Manokwari. This administrative district in West Papua presents an authentic Indonesian experience, far removed from the usual tourist crowds, making it an appealing choice for those seeking genuine adventure and a deeper connection with local life. Here, the rhythm of daily life is dictated by the natural environment, offering a refreshing contrast to the bustling metropolises many travellers are accustomed to.

The allure of South Manokwari is amplified by its varied geography, which translates into distinct neighbourhood characters. From the bustling commercial hubs to serene coastal stretches, each area offers a different facet of the region's charm. South Manokwari itself serves as the administrative and economic heart, while West Manokwari might offer more proximity to natural attractions and local communities. East Manokwari, on the other hand, could provide a more tranquil escape, perhaps closer to historical sites or pristine beaches. Understanding these nuances is key to crafting an itinerary that truly resonates with your travel style and interests.

For the discerning international traveller, South Manokwari presents exceptional value. With an average starting price of approximately ₱ 2,451.69 per night and an impressive overall review score of 9.2 from 127 reviews, the region offers a compelling proposition. This indicates a high level of guest satisfaction and a strong return on investment for your travel budget. Compared to many popular destinations in Southeast Asia, South Manokwari provides an opportunity to experience rich local culture and stunning natural beauty without the premium price tag, making it an attractive option for budget-conscious explorers and those seeking authentic experiences.

The accommodation landscape in South Manokwari mirrors its diverse appeal, offering options to suit various preferences and budgets. Leading the pack are establishments like the Aston Niu Manokwari, a well-regarded 4-star hotel known for its comprehensive facilities, and the Vitta Hotel Manokwari, a popular 3-star choice that consistently garners high praise from guests. These hotels, among others, serve as excellent starting points for exploring the region, providing comfortable bases from which to launch your adventures. Through Traveloka, you can easily book hotel accommodations that align with your needs.

South Manokwari is a destination that caters to a broad spectrum of international visitors. For travellers from the United States and Europe, its relatively untouched natural beauty and opportunities for cultural immersion offer a unique escape. Indian travellers will find the affordability and the potential for diverse culinary experiences appealing, while those from African nations might appreciate the regional connectivity and the chance to explore a different facet of Southeast Asian culture. Each visitor, regardless of origin, can find something to cherish in this captivating corner of Indonesia.

Best Areas to Stay in South Manokwari

South Manokwari, while a single administrative region, is comprised of distinct neighbourhoods, each offering a unique atmosphere and set of attractions. For international visitors, understanding these differences is crucial for selecting the ideal base that complements their travel objectives. Whether you prioritize proximity to the airport, access to natural landscapes, or a more immersive cultural experience, choosing the right area within South Manokwari can significantly shape your entire journey, from daily excursions to the overall feel of your stay.

South Manokwari

This central district serves as the administrative and commercial heart of the region, offering a dynamic blend of local life and developing infrastructure. For international travellers, it provides a convenient base with good access to essential services, government offices, and a growing number of dining and shopping options. Travellers who prefer to be in the midst of local activity and appreciate easy access to transportation hubs will find South Manokwari a practical and engaging place to stay, offering a genuine glimpse into everyday Indonesian life in West Papua.

From South Manokwari, visitors can easily access key landmarks and transportation links. Rendani Airport (MKW) is typically within a manageable distance, facilitating smooth arrivals and departures. The area also serves as a good starting point for exploring the wider Manokwari Regency, with opportunities for day trips to nearby natural attractions or cultural sites. For those looking to delve deeper into the local scene, exploring the markets and smaller eateries here can provide authentic culinary experiences. You can easily book attractions and tours that depart from this central hub.

West Manokwari

West Manokwari often presents a more laid-back atmosphere, characterized by its proximity to coastal areas and a more residential feel. This district is particularly appealing to travellers seeking a balance between accessibility and tranquility, offering a respite from the busier urban centres. Visitors who enjoy scenic views, perhaps of the coastline or surrounding natural landscapes, will find West Manokwari a charming place to base themselves, providing a more relaxed pace of life while still being connected to the region's amenities.

This area is often a gateway to various outdoor activities and natural beauty spots. Proximity to beaches and opportunities for water sports might be a significant draw for visitors. Travellers can explore local fishing villages, enjoy the coastal scenery, or venture further into the Manokwari Regency's natural reserves. Getting to West Manokwari from Rendani Airport (MKW) is usually straightforward, with various transport options available, making it a convenient choice for those who want to explore the natural side of West Papua.

East Manokwari

East Manokwari offers a distinct character, often associated with historical significance and a more serene environment. This district might appeal to travellers interested in cultural heritage, religious sites, or simply a quieter, more contemplative stay. For those looking to connect with the spiritual or historical aspects of the region, East Manokwari provides a unique setting. Its atmosphere is generally more subdued, allowing for a peaceful retreat after days spent exploring the broader Manokwari area.

This part of South Manokwari is often linked to significant landmarks and cultural narratives. Visitors might find themselves near historical monuments or places of worship that hold importance for the local community. The area can also offer access to less-developed natural areas, providing opportunities for quiet exploration and appreciation of the local flora and fauna. Travel from Rendani Airport (MKW) to East Manokwari is feasible, and the district provides a good base for understanding the historical context of the Manokwari Regency.

South Manokwari (Specific Sub-district/Area)

While "South Manokwari" is the overarching region, specific sub-districts or areas within it can offer unique advantages. For instance, an area closer to Rendani Airport (MKW) might be ideal for short stays or those with early flights, offering unparalleled convenience. Conversely, a neighbourhood known for its local markets and community centres would appeal to travellers seeking authentic cultural immersion. Identifying these specific pockets within the broader South Manokwari region allows for a more tailored and efficient travel experience.

This particular area's appeal lies in its direct connection to essential services and transportation networks. Its proximity to the airport means less travel time and stress, which is invaluable for transit passengers or those on tight schedules. Furthermore, areas within South Manokwari that are hubs for local commerce often provide a vibrant atmosphere, with opportunities to interact with residents and sample authentic local cuisine. This makes it a practical choice for travellers who value efficiency and a direct connection to the pulse of the city.

South Manokwari Accommodation Options

South Manokwari presents a diverse array of lodging choices, catering to every type of traveller and budget. From comfortable mid-range hotels to more budget-friendly guesthouses, the region ensures that international visitors can find a suitable place to rest and recharge. The availability of various accommodation types, spread across different districts, allows for a tailored travel experience, whether you're seeking convenience, comfort, or a touch of local charm.

Budget Hotels in South Manokwari

From USD 15/night, travellers on a tighter budget will find South Manokwari offers several economical choices. These hotels are ideal for backpackers and solo explorers who prioritize affordability without sacrificing essential amenities. They provide a clean and safe place to stay, often located in areas that allow for easy access to local transport and attractions, ensuring that your travel expenses remain manageable while you explore the wonders of West Papua.

Vitta Hotel Manokwari

This 3-star hotel in South Manokwari stands out with a remarkable 9.2 rating from 62 reviews, indicating a consistently high level of guest satisfaction. For approximately ₱ 2,451.69 per night, guests can expect a well-maintained property offering amenities like karaoke, babysitting services, car rental, and a fitness center. Its location in South Manokwari makes it a convenient base for exploring the region, appealing to travellers who value excellent service and a lively atmosphere.

Mansinam Beach Hotel

A 2-star hotel situated in East Manokwari, Mansinam Beach Hotel garners an impressive 8.5 rating from 461 reviews, highlighting its popularity and consistent quality. At around ₱ 2,048.75 per night, this establishment offers unique features such as bicycle and car rental, fishing opportunities, and accessibility for small pets and wheelchair users. Its beachfront location and comprehensive facilities make it a compelling option for those seeking a relaxed coastal experience.

Rama Transito Hotel

This 2-star hotel in West Manokwari, with a solid 8 rating from 237 reviews, offers a practical and comfortable stay for approximately ₱ 1,577.92 per night. Guests can benefit from features like express check-out, car rental, a kitchenette, and massage services, alongside business facilities. Its location in West Manokwari makes it a convenient choice for travellers who appreciate a blend of essential services and a quiet environment.

Quattrick Dee Homestay Mitra RedDoorz

As a 1-star homestay in West Manokwari, Quattrick Dee Homestay Mitra RedDoorz achieves an excellent 8.7 rating from 157 reviews, proving that budget accommodation can offer exceptional value. For as little as ₱ 708.74 per night, guests can enjoy amenities like bicycle rental and beach volleyball. This property is a fantastic choice for solo travellers or couples seeking an affordable and engaging stay with a local touch.

Rama Hotel

A 2-star hotel in West Manokwari, Rama Hotel holds an 8 rating from 257 reviews, signifying its reliability and guest approval. Priced at approximately ₱ 1,577.92 per night, it offers facilities such as badminton courts and allows pets, making it a versatile option for various travellers. Its consistent performance and accessible price point make it a solid choice for those exploring the West Manokwari area.

Hotel Oriestom Bay

This 2-star hotel in West Manokwari, rated 8.3 by 144 guests, provides a comfortable stay for around ₱ 1,644.07 per night. Guests can appreciate amenities like a clothes dryer and bicycle storage, adding to the convenience of their visit. Its location in West Manokwari makes it a practical choice for travellers who value thoughtful amenities and a pleasant atmosphere during their stay.

The Alexander Hotel

The Alexander Hotel, a 2-star establishment in West Manokwari, boasts a rating of 8.1 from 52 reviews, offering a pleasant stay for approximately ₱ 1,294.72 per night. A notable feature is its beach shuttle service, enhancing convenience for guests looking to explore the coastal areas. This hotel is a good option for travellers seeking easy access to the beach and a comfortable, value-driven accommodation experience.

Oriestom Hotel & Restaurant

Located in West Manokwari, this 2-star hotel with a 7.8 rating from 238 reviews is available for around ₱ 2,377.66 per night. It offers the convenience of an airport transfer, which is particularly beneficial for travellers arriving or departing at odd hours. Its presence in West Manokwari, coupled with its service offerings, makes it a practical choice for those prioritizing ease of travel.

Amban Beach House

This 3-star guest house in West Manokwari achieves an outstanding 9.2 rating from 33 reviews, offering a unique and highly-rated stay for approximately ₱ 1,037.92 per night. While specific amenities are not detailed, its high score suggests a memorable experience, likely capitalizing on its location and hospitality. It's an excellent choice for travellers seeking a charming and well-regarded guesthouse experience in the West Manokwari area.

Villa Bintang Lima

A 1-star villa in West Manokwari, Villa Bintang Lima holds an 8.3 rating from 58 reviews, presenting a private and well-regarded accommodation option for around ₱ 1,932.21 per night. Villas typically offer more space and privacy, making this a suitable choice for families or small groups seeking a more secluded stay. Its location in West Manokwari provides a good base for exploring the surrounding attractions.

RedDoorz near Reremi Pemancar Manokwari

This 2-star hotel in West Manokwari has a rating of 7 from 22 reviews, offering a straightforward and budget-friendly option. While specific pricing isn't listed, RedDoorz properties are generally known for their affordability. It serves as a functional base for travellers who need a clean and secure place to stay in the West Manokwari area without incurring significant costs.

Billy Jaya Hotel

Billy Jaya Hotel, a 3-star property in West Manokwari, holds a 7.5 rating from 104 reviews. While pricing is not provided, its star rating and review count suggest a reliable mid-range option. Hotels of this calibre typically offer a good balance of comfort and amenities, making it a suitable choice for travellers looking for a dependable stay in West Manokwari.

Valdos Hotel Manokwari

This 2-star hotel in West Manokwari is a popular choice, boasting a 7.9 rating from 301 reviews. Although pricing is not specified, its high review volume indicates consistent guest satisfaction. Hotels in this category often provide essential services and comfortable rooms, making Valdos Hotel Manokwari a practical option for travellers seeking a well-regarded and accessible accommodation in the West Manokwari district.

MAHANAIM HOTEL

MAHANAIM HOTEL is listed as a 2-star "Other" accommodation type in West Manokwari. Without specific ratings or pricing, it's difficult to gauge its appeal. However, its presence suggests a variety of lodging options are available in the area, catering to different preferences and potentially offering unique experiences beyond traditional hotels.

Mansinam Hotel & Resort

Mansinam Hotel & Resort is a 2-star hotel located in East Manokwari. As with MAHANAIM HOTEL, specific ratings and pricing are not detailed. However, the inclusion of "Resort" in its name suggests it might offer a broader range of facilities and a more expansive property, potentially appealing to guests looking for a more comprehensive stay experience in East Manokwari.

RedDoorz near Jalan Yos Sudarso Manokwari

This 4-star hotel in West Manokwari is part of the RedDoorz brand, known for its standardized quality and often competitive pricing. While specific ratings and pricing are not provided, a 4-star designation suggests a higher level of comfort and service. Its location on Jalan Yos Sudarso places it in a potentially convenient area within West Manokwari for accessing local amenities.

Aston Niu Manokwari Hotel & Conference Center

Aston Niu Manokwari Hotel & Conference Center is listed under "Others" and located in West Manokwari. While specific star ratings are not provided for this listing, Aston hotels are generally known for their quality and comprehensive facilities, often catering to both business and leisure travellers. Its designation as a conference center suggests it is well-equipped for events and larger groups.

Aston Niu Manokwari

This 4-star hotel in South Manokwari is a prominent choice, offering a high standard of accommodation. With a rating of 8.4 from 652 reviews, it provides excellent value for its price point of approximately ₱ 2,520.47 per night. Guests can enjoy a range of facilities including cycling, a children's play area, car rental, massage services, and airport transfers, making it a well-rounded option for families and business travellers alike.

Swiss-Belhotel Manokwari

A 4-star hotel in West Manokwari, Swiss-Belhotel Manokwari is a highly-rated option with 8.2 stars from 964 reviews, indicating exceptional guest satisfaction. For approximately ₱ 3,622.44 per night, guests can indulge in unique activities such as banana boat rides, canoeing, and diving, alongside convenient airport transfers. This hotel is ideal for adventurous travellers seeking a premium experience with a focus on recreational activities.

Hotels with Spa in South Manokwari

For travellers seeking relaxation and rejuvenation, South Manokwari offers hotels equipped with spa facilities. These establishments provide a sanctuary where guests can unwind with various treatments and wellness services. The availability of spas enhances the overall travel experience, allowing visitors to de-stress and enjoy a more holistic approach to their holiday, often found in the more established hotels within the region.

Aston Niu Manokwari

This 4-star hotel in South Manokwari, priced around ₱ 2,520.47 per night, offers more than just comfortable lodging; it provides a dedicated space for relaxation with its massage services. Its high rating of 8.4 from 652 reviews underscores the quality of its offerings, including its wellness amenities. It’s a prime choice for travellers who wish to combine their exploration of West Papua with opportunities for personal pampering and rejuvenation.

Vitta Hotel Manokwari

Vitta Hotel Manokwari, a 3-star establishment in South Manokwari, offers a 9.2 rating from 62 reviews and features massage services among its amenities. For approximately ₱ 2,451.69 per night, guests can enjoy a well-rounded stay that includes opportunities for relaxation and personal care. This hotel is a strong contender for those who appreciate having wellness options readily available within their accommodation.

Swiss-Belhotel Manokwari

The 4-star Swiss-Belhotel Manokwari in West Manokwari, with its 8.2 rating from 964 reviews, provides guests with access to massage services, contributing to a comprehensive wellness experience. Priced at around ₱ 3,622.44 per night, this hotel caters to travellers who seek to indulge in spa treatments and therapeutic massages as part of their stay. It’s an excellent option for those prioritizing relaxation and rejuvenation.

Hotels Near South Manokwari Airport

For travellers prioritizing convenience and minimizing transit time, hotels located near Rendani Airport (MKW) in South Manokwari are an excellent choice. These accommodations offer easy access for early morning departures or late-night arrivals, ensuring a stress-free travel experience. Their proximity to the airport makes them ideal for short stays or for those who plan to explore the wider region with minimal travel hassle.

Aston Niu Manokwari

This 4-star hotel in South Manokwari, rated 8.4 from 652 reviews and priced at approximately ₱ 2,520.47 per night, is conveniently located with airport transfer services. Its proximity to Rendani Airport (MKW) makes it an ideal choice for travellers seeking ease of access. The hotel's comprehensive facilities, including a children's play area and car rental, further enhance its appeal for those prioritizing convenience and comfort.

Oriestom Hotel & Restaurant

Located in West Manokwari, this 2-star hotel with a 7.8 rating from 238 reviews offers airport transfer services, making it a practical choice for travellers needing to be close to Rendani Airport (MKW). Available for around ₱ 2,377.66 per night, it provides a convenient option for those with early flights or late arrivals, ensuring a smooth transition to and from their travels in the region.

Swiss-Belhotel Manokwari

The 4-star Swiss-Belhotel Manokwari in West Manokwari, boasting an 8.2 rating from 964 reviews and priced at approximately ₱ 3,622.44 per night, offers convenient airport transfer services. This feature is particularly beneficial for guests who value seamless travel logistics, especially when arriving or departing from Rendani Airport (MKW). Its location and services cater to travellers seeking efficiency and comfort.

What to Eat and Where to Find It in South Manokwari

South Manokwari's culinary landscape is a vibrant reflection of Indonesia's rich gastronomic heritage, infused with local Papuan flavours. While sharing commonalities with Indonesian cuisine, the region boasts unique dishes influenced by its geography and indigenous cultures. Expect a delightful array of fresh seafood, tropical fruits, and hearty staples that offer a true taste of West Papua. Exploring these local delicacies is an integral part of the South Manokwari experience, providing a delicious insight into the local way of life.

The best places to savour South Manokwari's flavours are often found in its bustling local markets and smaller, family-run eateries, particularly in the South Manokwari and West Manokwari districts. These areas are where you'll discover authentic dishes prepared with traditional methods. For Muslim travellers, finding Halal-certified food is generally straightforward, as Indonesia is a predominantly Muslim country, and most local eateries adhere to Halal practices. Always look for the Halal logo or inquire if unsure.

Dining in South Manokwari offers excellent value for international travellers. Street food and local warungs (small eateries) can provide a filling meal for as little as USD 2-5 (approximately ₱ 100-250). Mid-range restaurants typically charge between USD 8-15 (around ₱ 400-750) per person for a complete meal, while more upscale dining experiences might range from USD 20-30 (roughly ₱ 1,000-1,500) or more. This affordability allows travellers to explore a wide variety of local dishes without straining their budget.

When dining in South Manokwari, embracing local customs enhances the experience. Meal times are generally flexible, with locals often eating whenever hungry. Tipping is not customary in most local eateries, but rounding up the bill or leaving a small token for exceptional service is appreciated. It's polite to use your right hand for eating and handling food. Familiarizing yourself with basic Indonesian phrases for ordering food can also be very helpful and is often met with warm smiles.

Cultural Norms and Staying Safe in South Manokwari

Understanding and respecting local customs is paramount for a smooth and enriching visit to South Manokwari. While generally welcoming, the community values politeness and consideration. It's customary to dress modestly, especially when visiting religious sites or more traditional villages, covering shoulders and knees. When interacting with locals, a friendly demeanor and a willingness to learn about their culture go a long way in fostering positive connections and ensuring a respectful exchange.

Navigating public spaces like Rendani Airport (MKW) or local markets requires an awareness of local norms. While photography is often permitted, it's always best to ask for permission before taking pictures of individuals, especially in more remote areas. Queuing culture is generally observed, but patience is key. Familiarize yourself with basic greetings in Bahasa Indonesia, such as "Selamat pagi" (Good morning) or "Terima kasih" (Thank you), as these gestures are highly appreciated by the local community.

Practical safety in South Manokwari is similar to many developing tourist destinations. It's advisable to keep valuables secure and be aware of your surroundings, particularly in crowded areas. For transportation, while ride-hailing apps might have limited availability, reputable local taxi services and hotel transport are generally reliable. Having offline maps and essential contact numbers readily accessible on your phone can be invaluable for navigating the city and ensuring your safety throughout your stay.

In case of emergencies, knowing the local contact numbers is crucial. For police, dial 110; for ambulance services, dial 118. While there may not be a dedicated tourist police force, local authorities are generally helpful. For Filipino travellers, it's wise to note the location of the nearest Philippine Embassy or Consulate in Indonesia, typically in Jakarta, and keep their contact details handy. Considering travel insurance is also a prudent step for any international trip, providing peace of mind for unforeseen medical needs.

Getting to South Manokwari and Getting Around

Reaching South Manokwari from the Philippines involves a journey that typically requires at least one connecting flight, as direct routes are uncommon. Travellers departing from Manila (MNL) or Cebu (CEB) can look for flights to major Indonesian hubs like Jakarta (CGK) or Denpasar (DPS), followed by a domestic flight to Rendani Airport (MKW) in Manokwari. The total travel time can range from 12 to 20 hours or more, with estimated costs in PHP varying significantly based on the airline, booking time, and season, often ranging from ₱ 15,000 to ₱ 30,000 or higher. Booking your book flight well in advance is recommended for better fares.

Once you arrive at Rendani Airport (MKW), which serves South Manokwari, getting to your accommodation is usually straightforward. Taxis are readily available outside the terminal, and many hotels offer airport transfer services, which can be pre-arranged. Within South Manokwari and its surrounding districts, local transportation options include 'ojek' (motorcycle taxis) for short distances, 'bemo' (minibuses) for inter-district travel, and metered taxis. Negotiating fares beforehand is advisable for non-metered transport. For exploring further afield, renting a car with a driver can be a convenient option.

The best time to visit South Manokwari generally falls within the dry season, from May to September. During these months, the weather is typically sunny with lower humidity, making it ideal for outdoor activities and exploring the region's natural attractions. While the wet season (October to April) can bring rain, it also means fewer crowds and potentially lower accommodation prices. For international travellers, aligning your visit with periods outside major global school holidays can further enhance the value and experience.

Before embarking on your trip to South Manokwari, a few pre-departure preparations are essential. The local currency is the Indonesian Rupiah (IDR), and while some larger establishments might accept USD, it's best to have local currency for smaller purchases and local transport. SIM cards with data plans can be purchased at the airport or in town, offering affordable connectivity. Essential apps to download include offline maps (like Google Maps or Maps.me), a translation app, and potentially a ride-hailing app if available and functional in the area.

Visa Information

For Philippine passport holders planning a visit to South Manokwari, understanding Indonesia's visa regulations is crucial. As of current policies, Philippine citizens are generally granted visa-free entry into Indonesia for short stays, typically up to 30 days, for tourism purposes. This allows for convenient travel without the need for pre-application at an embassy. However, it is always recommended to verify the latest regulations with the Indonesian Embassy or Consulate in the Philippines, as policies can be subject to change.

The visa-free entry for Filipino citizens usually requires a passport with at least six months of validity beyond the intended stay and proof of onward or return travel. While no specific visa fee is associated with this visa-free facility, travellers should be prepared for potential immigration inquiries regarding their purpose of visit and financial means to support their stay. It is advisable to carry printouts of your hotel bookings and flight itineraries to present if requested by immigration officials.

While visa-free entry simplifies the process, it is imperative for all travellers to confirm the most current visa requirements and entry protocols directly with Indonesia's official immigration authorities or the Indonesian Embassy in the Philippines before booking flights and making travel arrangements. This proactive step ensures a smooth and hassle-free entry into Indonesia, allowing you to focus on enjoying your exploration of South Manokwari and the wider West Papua region.

Your South Manokwari Adventure Starts Here

South Manokwari offers a compelling blend of natural beauty, cultural richness, and authentic Indonesian experiences that set it apart from more mainstream destinations. It’s a place where the vibrant spirit of West Papua can be truly appreciated, from its stunning landscapes to the warmth of its people, providing a journey that is both adventurous and deeply rewarding for the international traveller.

Traveloka is your trusted partner in discovering the best of South Manokwari, offering a wide spectrum of accommodation options to suit every preference and budget. Whether you're looking for budget-friendly stays starting around ₱ 2,451.69 per night or more premium 4-star hotels like Aston Niu Manokwari, our platform provides extensive choices across all the key districts. We are committed to helping you find cheap hotels and more, ensuring your trip is both memorable and affordable. Benefit from our Best Price Guarantee, 24/7 Live Agent Support, and flexible payment options including GCash, Maya, and Traveloka PayLater.

Don't just dream about your next adventure; make it a reality. South Manokwari is ready to welcome you with its unique charm and incredible opportunities for exploration. Book your accommodation and plan your activities with Traveloka today and embark on a journey that promises discovery, relaxation, and unforgettable memories. Up to 1.5x Loyalty Cashback available. T&C Apply.

All information in this article is accurate as of the date of publication. Prices are subject to change depending on season, availability, and hotel policy.